Medicinal Benefits
Organisations
GW Pharmaceuticals Patents----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mental Health:
Summary
Organisations
Patents
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140039043
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110038958
Trials
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Addiction
Opioid
Penn Study Shows 25 Percent Fewer Opioid-Related Deaths in States Allowing Medical Marijuana http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/2014/08/bachhuber/-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cancer
Summary
The anti cancer properties of THC, CBD, CBG and other cannabinoids are well established. Scientists have been investigating them since the early 1970s and more than 1100 papers on cannabinoids and cancer have been published. (42)It is also well established that cannabis helps with the side effects of cancer treatments, particularly nausea and lack of appetite. (43, 44, 45, 46)
Cannabis may also help alleviate anxiety, depression, insomnia and mood disorders in cancer patients. However, some patients may find exactly the opposite results. (47)
A very large quantity of anecdotal reports detail remarkable results with cannabis oil on many different forms of cancer. (48) One of the most important properties of cannabis as a cancer therapy is that it is non-toxic and even if little therapeutic effect is achieved, it causes little harm.
On balance, while there is good evidence of anti cancer properties in vitro (human cell lines) and in vivo (animal) studies, there is little evidence of actual results in humans except in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (49). However, few would disagree that the palliative value of cannabis is of great benefit to many cancer patients. (50)
Organisations
National Cancer Institute: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq
Patents
Anti-TumouralEffects Of Cannabinoid Combinationshttp://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140287067
Phytocannabinoids For Use In The Treatment OfCancer
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140221469
Phytocannabinoids In The Treatment Of Cancer
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20130059018
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20150086653
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120225136
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100249223
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080262099
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120059062
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100292345
Trials
Clinical trials are underway on cancer pain and the treatment of glioma brain cancer. (51, 52)These selected studies indicate the evidence currently available.
Cannabinoids and cancer: potential for colorectal cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16042581 (53)
A pilot clinical study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, British Journal of Cancer, 2006 http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v95/n2/full/6603236a.html (54)
Cannabinoids for Cancer Treatment: Progress and Promise. Cancer Res. 2008. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/2/339 (55)
Cannabidiol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells by Coordinating the Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther., 2011. http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/7/1161.long (56)
The intersection between cannabis and cancer in the United States. CROH, 2011. http://www.croh-online.com/article/S1040-8428(11)00231-9/fulltext (57)
Cannabinoids: a new hope for breast cancer therapy? Cancer Treat Rev. 2012 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776349 (58)
Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555283 (59)
Cannabis Extract Treatment for Terminal Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with a Philadelphia Chromosome Mutation. Case Rep Oncol. 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901602/ (60)
Non-hallucinogenic cannabinoids are effective anti-cancer drugs. Anticancer Research, 2013. http://www.sgul.ac.uk/news/news/study-shows-non-hallucinogenic-cannabinoids-areeffective-anti-cancer-drugs (61)
Cannabidiol as potential anticancer drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506672%20 (62)
Cannabis, cannabinoids and cancer – the evidence so far. Cancer Research UK, 2014. http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2012/07/25/cannabis-cannabinoids-andcancer-the-evidence-so-far/ (63)
The Combination of Cannabidiol and 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Enhances the Anticancer Effects of Radiation in an Orthotopic Murine Glioma Model. Mol.Cancer.Ther. 2014. http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/13/12/2955 (64)
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Multiple Sclerosis
Summary
MS is the condition which has most commonly been associated with the therapeutic use of cannabis. It was the increasing illicit use of cannabis to treat MS that led to the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee inquiry in 1998. (76) The approval of Sativex (nabiximols) for the treatment of spasticity in MS is the first licensed cannabis medicine in modern times. (77)Most MS patients also suffer from chronic pain, for which evidence in respect of medicinal cannabis is set out above.
A great deal of research has been carried out on cannabinoids in MS but much of it is fundamentally flawed by focusing on individual and/or synthetic cannabinoids, in particular the large scale CUPID trial used oral, synthetic THC (dronabinol). It is difficult to understand why this reductionist approach has been taken in view of evidence on the ‘entourage effect’ and that these studies were inspired by anecdotal reports of using whole plant cannabis. (10, 11, 12)
There is a clear consensus amongst scientists and doctors that cannabis is safe and effective as a palliative treatment for MS. (78, 79, 80) Further promising research is underway into whether cannabinoids may have a curative effect by promoting repair of the myelin sheath. (81, 82, 83)
Organisations
National Multiple Sclerosis SocietyMultiple Sclerosis Trust
Multiple Sclerosis Society UK
Patents
Trials
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Epilepsy
Summary
Organisations
Epilepsy FoundationEpilepsy Action UK
Patents
A Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising The Phytocannabinoids Cannabidivarin (CBDV) And Cannabidiol (CBD)http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140243405
Use Of The Phytocannabinoid Cannabidivarin (CBDV) In The Treatment Of Epilepsy
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120004251
Use Of The Phytocannabinoid Cannabidiol (CBD) In Combination With A Standard Anti-Epileptic Drug (SAED) In The Treatment Of Epilepsy
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140155456
Use Of One Or A Combination Of Phyto-Cannabinoids In The Treatment Of Epilepsy
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120165402
Trials
Cannabinoids and Epilepsyhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282273http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25845492
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Anxiety and Depression
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Fybromyalgia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diabetes
Patents
New Use For Cannabinoidshttp://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110082195
Trials
2013 The Impact of Marijuana Use on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance among US Adults: http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(13)00200-3/abstract#/article/S0002-9343(13)00200-3/abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chronic and Neuropathic Pain
Summary
Chronic pain is the condition for which cannabis is most widely used. It seems to be particularly effective in neuropathic pain for which opioids, NSAIDs and other pharmaceutical medicines are not effective. It also appears to reduce the required dose when used in conjunction with opioids. (65)THC, CBD and other cannabinoids each have different effects both as analgesics and in the perception of pain. Patients commonly report that even if pain is not eliminated, cannabis helps them to deal with it by altering their perception and allowing them to focus elsewhere.
There is a large quantity of good quality evidence, including clinical trials with placebo controls, that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of cannabis in treating chronic pain.
Organisations
Patents
Cannabinoids For Use In The Treatment Of Neuropathic Painhttp://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140107192
Cannabinoid-Containing Plant Extracts As Neuroprotective Agents
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140377382
Pharmaceutical Compositions For The Treatment Of Pain
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110230549
Cannabinoids For Use In The Treatment Of Neuropathic Pain
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20120245224
Cannabinoid-Containing Plant Extracts As Neuroprotective Agents
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100239693
Combination Of Cannabinoids For The Treatment Of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100035978
Cannabinoids for use in the treatment of Neuropathic pain
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100016418
Cannabinoids For Use In The Treatment Of Neuropathic Pain
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20140378539
Trials
2007, Neurology “…52% of patients who smoked marijuana had a greater than 30% reduction in pain compared to 24% in the placebo group. In this study, smoked marijuana was well tolerated and effectively relieved chronic neuropathic pain…” (66)2007. Journal of Pain. “This study adds to a growing body of evidence that cannabis may be effective at ameliorating neuropathic pain, and may be an alternative for patients who do not respond to, or cannot tolerate, other drugs.” (67)
2008. Neuropsychopharmacology “Smoked cannabis was generally well-tolerated and effective when added to concomitant analgesic therapy…” (68)
2010. Canadian Medical Association Journal “Our results support the claim that smoked cannabis reduces pain, improves mood and helps sleep.” (69)
2013. Neuropsychopharmacolgy “This study is the first to demonstrate the dose- and route-dependent analgesic effectiveness of cannabinoids for acute experimentally-induced pain in a pain-free population, evidence that supports the role of cannabinoids for the management of pain.” (70)
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IBD/Crohn's
Summary
Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are widely and successfully treated with cannabis. (71)A clinical trial using cannabis extract to treat ulcerative colitis was concluded by GW Pharmaceuticals in 2014. (72)
Anecdotally, there are many reports of dramatic improvements in symptoms shortly after cannabis use, e.g. cessation of rectal bleeding, increased appetite.
Recent clinical trials have produced dramatic results with 50% of Crohn’s patients achieving complete remission and over 90% achieving substantial improvement. The evidence for the use of cannabis in Crohn’s and other forms of IBD is conclusive.
Patents
Use Of Tetrahydrocannabinol And/Or Cannabidiol For The Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Diseasehttp://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100286098
Therapeutic Uses Of Cannabigerol
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100292345
Trials
2012. Digestion “Three months’ treatment with inhaled cannabis improves quality of life measurements, disease activity index, and causes weight gain and rise in BMI in long-standing IBD patients.” (73)2013. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology “In this trial, cannabis induced clinical remission in 50% of patients. Taking into account that our participants had longstanding Crohn’s disease, with 80% nonresponse or intolerance to anti–TNF-a, this result is impressive.” (74)
2014. Pharmacology “Cannabis sativa has lived up to expectations and proved to be highly efficient in cases of inflammatory bowel diseases… cannabis produces significant clinical benefits in patients with Crohn’s disease.” (75)
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Arthritis
Summary
Patents
Trials
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Alzheimer's Disease
Summary
Cannabis has proven anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Inflammation plays a major role in not only Alzheimer’s, but motor neurone disease, Parkinson’s, AIDS, dementia, multiple sclerosis, autism, schizophrenia, etc.The evidence is strong that regular, moderate use of cannabis helps to delay the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions.
Organisations
alzheimers.netPatents
Trials
2006. THC has been shown to inhibit the progression of Alzheimer’s more effectively than any currently prescribed pharmaceutical product. (35)
2007. British Journal of Pharmacology: “Cannabinoids offer a multi-faceted approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by providing neuroprotection and reducing neuroinflammation, whilst simultaneously supporting the brain’s intrinsic repair mechanisms...” (36)
2012. Andras Bilkei-Gorzo of the University of Bonn: “…elevation of cannabinoid receptor activity either by pharmacological blockade of the degradation of cannabinoids or by receptor agonists could be a promising strategy for slowing down the progression of brain ageing and for alleviating the symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders.” (37)
2012. Journal of Neuroinflammation: “The chronic administration of non-selective cannabinoids may delay the onset of cognitive deficits in AD patients; this will dramatically reduce the socio-economic burden of AD and improve the quality of life of the patients and their families.” (38)
2014. Professor Gary Wenk, of Ohio State University: “…using low doses of marijuana for prolonged periods of time at some point in your life, possibly when you’re middle-aged to late middle-aged, is probably going to slow the onset or development of dementia, to the point where you’ll most likely die of old age before you get Alzheimer’s.” (39)
2014. Steven Fagan of the University of Dublin: “Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system has been shown to reduce chronic activation of the neuroinflammatory response, aid in Ca2+homeostasis, reduce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting proapoptotic cascade, while promoting neurotrophic support.” (40)
2014. Chuanhai Cao of the University of South Florida: “These sets of data strongly suggest that THC could be a potential therapeutic treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease through multiple functions and pathways.” (41)
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Other Medical Indications
The International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM) maintains a database of clinical studies and case reports from 1970 to 2013. http://www.cannabis-med.org/studies/study.php (84)105 Peer-Reviewed Studies on Medical Marijuana. Medical Studies Involving Cannabis and Cannabis Extracts (1990 - 2012) http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000884 (85)
The Medicalization of Cannabis. Wellcome Trust Witness Seminar, 2010 http://www.histmodbiomed.org/sites/default/files/44870.pdf (86)
Emerging Clinical Applications For Cannabis & Cannabinoids. A Review of the Recent Scientific Literature. NORML, 2014. http://norml.org/pdf_files/NORML_Clinical_Applications_for_Cannabis_and_ Cannabinoids.pdf (87)
What does marijuana do? It rebalances everything. Vipperman, 2014 https://michaelvipperman.wordpress.com/2014/04/20/what-does-marijuana-do-itrebalances-everything/ (88)
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19
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